O DISCURSO HIGIENISTA DEFININDO A CIDADE (the hygienist discourse defining the citie)
Abstract
Ao longo do século XIX, as teorias médicas neohipocráticas que localizavam a doença no meio natural ou construíido, influenciaram normas de comportamento e a organização das cidades. Os Tratados de Higiene Pública, que orientaram a legislação e as práticas administrativas, propunham medicalização do espaço e da sociedade. As topografias médicas, levantamentos das características físicas, sociais, econômicas e culturais dos lugares, constataram que as concentrações urbanas eram os ambientes mais doentios, do conflito e da desordem. Urbanistas progressistas e culturalistas, influenciados pelo discurso médico e social elaboram projetos de cidades utópicas, cidades salubres e « justas », que se tornaram referência para os reformadores do século XIX. Outra constatação é que as epidemias não respeitavam fronteiras políticas nem classe social, o que gerou a organização de Conferências Internacionais de Higiene Pública, visando salvaguardar os indivíduos contra as doenças e garantir a liberdade do comércio internacional.
Palavras-chave: Cidade, Higiene Pública, Topografias Médicas, Teorias Contagiosa e Miasmática.
ABSTRACT
Throughout the nineteenth century, the medical theories concerning neohipocráticas lesmaladies located in the natural environment and artificial, have influenced standards of behavior and organization of cities. The treaties of public health, who guided the legislation and administrative practices have led to the medicalization of space and society. The Medical Topography , surveys on the physical, social , economic and cultural characteristics of places , found that urban concentrations agisent of the most unhealthy environments , conflict and disorder. Culturalist and progressive planners, influenced by the medical and social discourse , develop projects utopian cities of healthy cities and “fair” , which became a reference for the reformers of the nineteenth century. Another evidence is that epidemics do not take into account political boundaries and social classes , prompting the organization of international conferences on sanitation and facing the protetion of the individual against the disease, and the assurance of freedom of international trade.
Key words: City, Public Health, Medical Topography , contagious Theories and miasma
RESUME
Tout au long du XIXe siècle , les théories médicales neohipocráticas concernant lesmaladies localisée dans le milieu naturel ainsi qu’artificiel, ont influence des normes de comportement et d’organisation des villes. Les traités de santé publique , qui ont guidé la législation et les pratiques administratives , ont suscité la médicalisation de l’espace et de la société. Les Topographies Médicales , des enquêtes sur les caractéristiques physiques , sociales , économiques et culturels des lieux , ont constaté que les concentrations urbaines s’agisent des environnements les plus malsains , des conflits et de la désordre. Culturalistes et progressistes planificateurs , influencés par le discours médical et social, élaborent des projets de villes utopiques, de villes salubres et “équitable” , qui sont devenues une référence pour les réformateurs du XIXe siècle. Une autre evidence c’est que les épidémies n’ont pas pris en compte les frontières politiques et les classes sociales , suscitant l’organisation de conférences internationales sur l’hygiène publique et tournées vers la protetion de l’individu contre les maladies, ainsi que l’assurance de la liberté du commerce international.
Mots-clés: Ville, Hygiène publique, Topographies médicales, Théories contagieuse et du miasme.
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