REUNIFICAÇÃO E EVOLUÇÃO RECENTE DOS DESEQUILÍBRIOS REGIONAIS NA ALEMANHA (reunification and recent evolution of regional imbalances in Germany)
Abstract
O artigo analisa a evolução, entre 1995 e 2006, dos desequilíbrios regionais na Alemanha, ou seja, menos de um ano após a reunifi cação alemã de (03/10/1989). O exemplo alemão é bastante expressivo já que integrou a antiga República Democrática Alemã, constituída no modelo comunista, à República Federal da Alemanha, constituída no modelo capitalista. Os desequilíbrios regionais resultam, historicamente, dos processos econômicos, sociais, políticos e culturais que benefi ciam determinadas regiões em detrimento de outras. Com base em dados da União Européia (EUROSTAT), foi calculado o índice de Williamson que mede os desequilíbrios regionais. A Alemanha, dividida em Estados, tem baixos índices de desequilíbrios regionais e isto tem sido estável no período analisado. Os desequilíbrios aumentam quando se divide a Alemanha em unidades menores. Destacando a comparação somente com base na renda per capita, a mesma representa, na parte leste, cerca de dois terços da parte oeste e a diferença aumenta bastante quando se analisam os dados por níveis territoriais menores. Assim, a Alemanha tem ainda um grande desafi o, o de reduzir estrategicamente seus desequilíbrios regionais em todas as escalas do seu território nacional.
Palavras-Chave: Reunifi cação, desequilíbrios regionais, Alemanha, índice de williamson, PIB per capita.
ABSTRACT
The paper analyzes the evolution between 1995 and 2006 of the regional imbalances in Germany, i.e. after the German reunifi cation of October 3, 1990. The German example is quite expressive since it joined the former German Democratic Republic, constituted in communist model, to the Federal Republic of Germany, constituted in the capitalist model. Regional imbalances result, historically, of the economic, social, political and cultural processes that benefi t some regions over others. Based on data from the European Union (EUROSTAT), we calculated the index that measures Williamson regional imbalances. Germany divided into States has low rates of regional imbalances and this has been stable during the period. Imbalances increase when Germany is divided into smaller units. Highlighting the comparison only on the basis of per capita income, it represents, in the eastern part, about two-thirds of the west. Disparities of income per capita also greatly increase when the data are analyzed by smaller territorial units. Thus, Germany still has a big strategic challenge to reduce its regional imbalances in all scales of their national territory.
Key words: Reunifi cation, regional imbalances, Germany, Index of williamson, GDP per capita.
RÉSUMÉ
L’article analyse l’évolution des déséquilibres régionaux en Allemagne, entre 1995 et 2006, c’est à dire après la réunification allemande de 03/10/1990. L’exemple allemand est particulièrement expressif, car il s’agit de l’intégration de l’ancienne République Démocratique Allemande constituée sur un modèle communiste, à la République Fédérale Allemande, constituée elle sur un modèle capitaliste. Les déséquilibres régionaux résultent, historiquement, des processus économiques, sociaux, politiques et culturels qui bénéfi cient des régions déterminées aux dépens d’autres régions. Sur la base des données de l’Union Européenne (EUROSTAT), nous avons calculé l’indice de Williamson qui mesure les déséquilibres régionaux. L’Allemagne, divisée en États, présente de faibles indices de déséquilibre régional et cette situation s’est maintenue stable pendant toute la période analysée. Par contre, les déséquilibres augmentent lorsque l’on divise l’Allemagne en unités plus petites. Ainsi, considérant à peine le revenu per capita, on observe dans l’est, des valeurs équivalant aux deux tiers des valeurs du côté ouest et cette différence augmente signifi cativement lorsque l’on analyse les données pour des territoires plus petits. L’Allemagne fait donc face à un grand défi , celui de réduire stratégiquement ses déséquilibres régionaux à toutes les échelles de son territoire national.
Mots- Clés: Réunifi cation, déséquilibres régionaux, Allemagne, indice de williamson, PIB per capita.
DOI:10.4215/RM2010.0920.0002
Keywords
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