MURDER AND DRUG TRAFFICKING SPATIAL DEPENDENCE
Abstract
This paper analyzes the correlation between drug trafficking and homicides in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil, to identify the spatial relationship between these phenomena in the urban environment. Based on data from the police reports in the period of 2007 to 2016, the spatial patterns of these criminal typologies and their spatial association were evaluated. The data were grouped on a 500-meter square grid, showing the main hot spots for the two types of crimes, as well as their recurrence. To complement the analysis, an indicator was proposed based on the assumptions of Ousey and Lee (2002), who describe the pre-existing social conditions for the relationship between drug trafficking and homicides to be established. From the methodology adopted, it was possible to verify the spatial association between the two criminal classifications, as well as the tendency for clusters of cells with a high incidence of crimes to be formed. There was also an association between the empirical data and those regions of the city where the pre-existing social conditions that encourage the association between drug trafficking and homicides are present, reinforcing the idea that the illegal drug market is a contingent cause of lethal violence.
Keywords: Violence. Homicide, Drug Trafficking, Spatial Analysis, Spatial correlation.
References
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ZAHN, M. A. Homicide in the Twentieth Century United States, in Inciardi, J. A. and C. E. Faupel (Eds.), History and Crime. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.
ZAHN, Margaret; BENCIVENGO, M. Violent death: A comparison between drug users and nondrug users. Addictive Diseases, v. 1, p. 283-296, 1974.
ZIMRING, Franklin E.; HAWKINS, Gordon. Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1997.
BAILEY, T. C.; GATRELL, A. C. Interactive spatial data analysis. Harlow: Longman, 1995.
BAUMER, Eric. et al. The influence of crack cocaine on robbery, burglary, and homicide rates: A cross-city, longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 353, p. 16-340., 1998.
BAUMER, Eric. Poverty, crack and crime: A cross-city analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 31, p. 311-327, 1994
BEATO FILHO, Cláudio Chaves et al . Conglomerados de homicídios e o tráfico de drogas em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1995 a 1999. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro , v. 17, n. 5, p. 1163-1171, Oct. 2001 . Available from
BELO HORIZONTE. Lei de nº 7166/96. Plano Diretor de Belo Horizonte. Lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo. Belo Horizonte: Câmara Municipal de Belo Horizonte, 1996.
BISQUERRA, R., SARRIERA, J. C.; MARTÍNEZ, F.. Introdução à estatística: enfoque informático com o pacote estatístico SPSS. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.
BLUMSTEIN, Alfred. Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, v.86, p. l0-36, 1995.
BURSIK, Robert J. Jr. Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, v. 26, p. 519-551, 1988.
BURSIK, Robert J.; GRASMICK, Harold, G. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington Books.,1993.
COHEN, Jacqueline, et al. The role of drug markets and gangs in local homicide rates. Homicide Studies, v. 2, p. 241-261, 1998.
CORK, Daniel. Examining space-time interaction in city-level homicide data: Crack markets and the diffusion of guns among youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, v. 15, p. 379-406, 1999.
FIGUEIREDO FILHO, Dalson Brito; JUNIOR, José Alexandre Silva. Desvendando os Mistérios do Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (r). Revista Política Hoje, v. 18, n. 1, 2010.
GETIS, A.; ORD, J.K.. 1992. The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics. Geographical Analysis. v. 24, n. 3, 1992.
GOLDSTEIN, Paul J. et al. Crack and homicide in New York City: A case study in the epidemiology of violence. In Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine (Eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
GOLDSTEIN, Paul J. Homicide related to drug traffic. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, v. 62, n. 5, p. 509, 1986.
GOLDSTEIN, Paul J. The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of drug issues, v. 15, n. 4, p. 493-506, 1985.
INCIARDI, James A. Introduction. In James A. Inciardi (Ed.). The Drugs-Crime Connection. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage., 1981.
IPEA. Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas. Atlas da vulnerabilidade social nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. Brasília. IPEA. 2015. Disponível em http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/images/publicacoes/Ivs/publicacao_atlas_ivs_rm.pdf. Acesso em 10:/04/2020.
LAND, Kenneth C. et al. Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology, v. 95, p. 922-963,1990.
LOFTIN. Colin; PARKER, Robert Nash. An errors-in-variable model of the effect of poverty on urban homicide rates. Criminology, v. 23, p. 269-287, 1985.
MESSNER, Steven F. Poverty, inequality, and the urban homicide rate. Criminology, v. 20, p. 103-114, 1982.
MONTEFORTE. J. R.; SPITZ, W. U. Narcotic abuse among homicides in Detroit. Journal of Forensic Sciences. v. 20. p. 186-190, 1975.
ORD, J.K.; GETIS, A. Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application. Geographical Analysis. v. 27, n. 4, 1995.
OUSEY, Graham C.; LEE, Matthew R. Examining the conditional nature of the illicit drug market‐homicide relationship: A partial test of the theory of contingent causation. Criminology, v. 40, n. 1, p. 73-102, 2002.
PREBLE, E. EI Barrio Revisited. Paper presented at annual meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology, 1980.
RILEY, K. Jack. Homicide and drugs. Homicide Studies. v. 2, p.176-205, 1998.
SAMPSON, Robert J. et al. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, v. 277, p. 918-924, 1997
SAMPSON, Robert J.; GROVES, W. Byron. Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology. v. 94, p.774-802, 1989.
SHELEY, Joseph F.; WRIGHT, James D. In the Line of Fire. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995.
SHIHADEH, Edward S.; FLYNN, Nicole. Segregation and crime: The effect of Black social isolation on the rates of Black urban violence. Social Forces, v. 74, p. 1325-1353, 1996
SIMON, David; BURNS, Edward. The Comer: A Year in the Life of an Inner City Neighborhood. New York: Broadway Books, 1997
TOBLER W. A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, v. 46, n. 2, p. 234-240, 1970.
WILLIAMS, Kirk R. Economic sources of homicide: Reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality. American Sociological Review, v. 49, p. 283-289, 1984.
WILSON, William Julius. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
WILSON, William Julius. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
ZAHN, M. A. Homicide in the Twentieth Century United States, in Inciardi, J. A. and C. E. Faupel (Eds.), History and Crime. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.
ZAHN, Margaret; BENCIVENGO, M. Violent death: A comparison between drug users and nondrug users. Addictive Diseases, v. 1, p. 283-296, 1974.
ZIMRING, Franklin E.; HAWKINS, Gordon. Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Published
13/10/2020
How to Cite
FARIA, Antonio Hot Pereira de; ALVES, Diego Filipe Cordeiro.
MURDER AND DRUG TRAFFICKING SPATIAL DEPENDENCE.
Mercator, Fortaleza, v. 19, oct. 2020.
ISSN 1984-2201.
Available at: <http://www.mercator.ufc.br/mercator/article/view/e19019>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.4215/rm2020.e19019.
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