BRAZIL'S PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING COASTAL AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS WITH A FOCUS ON AICHI TARGET 11
Abstract
The rapid global loss of biodiversity has promoted initiatives to develop a global network of Protected Areas (PAs), with the Aichi targets suggesting that countries protect at least 17% of continental areas and 10% of marine and coastal areas. For Brazil, there is a knowledge gap regarding the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative objectives through practical indicators of goal achievement and effective management. This study holistically addresses the conservation status of Brazil concerning Aichi Target 11 for marine and coastal ecosystems, using systematic literature review and marine spatial coverage analysis. The results show an increase to 26% of marine spatial coverage, with greater coverage by Environmental Protection Areas. There is a predominance of studies on "Management Effectiveness," with less focus on equitable management and integration between terrestrial and marine landscapes. Indicators primarily focus on "Ecological" and "Governance" dimensions, neglecting "Social" and "Economic" dimensions. Key challenges include the need for increased financial investment, connectivity between protected areas with different social and ecological contexts, and local community involvement in equitable management. Additionally, there is a need for increased coverage of integral protection areas and standardization of qualitative assessments.
Keywords: Protected areas; Management effectiveness; Aichi Target 11; Conservation policy; Coastal and marine systems.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3169
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BARBIER, Edward B. Marine ecosystem services. Current Biology, v. 27, n. 11, p. R507-R510, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.020.
BOGART, S. SankeyMATIC., SankeyMATIC. A Sankey diagram builder for everyone. 2016. Disponível em: http://sankeymatic.com/. Acesso em: 22 abr 2022.
BRASIL. [Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Brasília, DF: Presidência da República, [2016]. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/ Constituiçao.htm. Acesso em: 2 fev. 2024.
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FOO, Yong Zhi et al. A practical guide to question formation, systematic searching and study screening for literature reviews in ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, v. 12, n. 9, p. 1705-1720, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13654
FRANÇOSO, Renata. D. et al. Habitat loss and the effectiveness of protected areas in the Cerrado Biodiversity Hotspot. Natureza & Conservacão, v. 13, n. 1, p. 35–40, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.04.001
FRANKS, Phil; BOOKER, Francesca; ROE, Dilys. Understanding and assessing equity in protected area conservation. IIED Issue Paper, p. 38, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.iied.org/14671iied
FREITAS, Camila Rizzini.; CARVALHO, Rodrigo Abreu.; OVIEDO, Antonio Francisco Perrone. O Financiamento da Gestão Ambiental no Brasil: Uma Avaliação a Partir do Orçamento Público Federal (2005–2022). Instituto Socioambiental: São Paulo, Brasil, 2022.
FREITAS, João Eduardo Pereira de; DE ARAUJO, Maria Elisabeth; DA CRUZ LOTUFO, Tito Monteiro. Composition and structure of the ichthyofauna in a marine protected area in the western equatorial Atlantic: A baseline to support conservation management. Regional Studies in Marine Science, v. 25, p. 100488, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2018.100488
GANNON, Patrick. et al. Status and prospects for achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11: implications of national commitments and priority actions. Parks, v. 23, n. 2, p. 13-26, 2017. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.PARKS-23-2PG.en
GERHARDINGER, Leopoldo. C. et al. Marine protected dramas: the flaws of the Brazilian national system of marine protected areas. Environmental management, v. 47, n. 4, p. 630-643, 2011. DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9554-7
GIGLIO, Vinicius. J. et al. Large and remote marine protected areas in the South Atlantic Ocean are flawed and raise concerns: Comments on Soares and Lucas (2018). Marine Policy, v. 96, p. 13-17, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.07.017
GOMES, Francisco Vladimir Silva et al. Ecological representativeness and total extension of protected areas by conservation units in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Sociedade & Natureza, v. 34, p. e64481, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v34-2022-64481x
HERNANDES, Elis et al. Using GQM and TAM to evaluate StArt – a tool that supports Systematic Review. CLEI Electronic Journal, v. 15, n. 1, p. 1–13, 2012.
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Limites do Sistema Costeiro-Marinho do Brasil. Dados. Brasil, 2019. Shapefile. Base de Dados em formato shapefile. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/informacoes-ambientais/estudos-ambientais/15842-biomas.html?=&t=acesso-ao-produto. Acesso em: 19/07/2023
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Malha Municipal Digital e Áreas Territoriais 2022: Informações Técnicas e Legais para a Utilização dos Dados Publicados. Rio de Janeiro, 2023. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101998.pdf Acesso em: 03/01/2024.
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Unidades Da Federação. Dados. Brasil, 2022. Shapefile. Base de Dados em formato shapefile.
JUFFE-BIGNOLI, Diego et al. Protected Planet Report 2018. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2018.
LEVERINGTON, Fiona et al. A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental management, v. 46, n. 5, p. 685-698, 2010. DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5
LOCKE, Harvey. Nature needs half: a necessary and hopeful new agenda for protected areas. Nature New South Wales, v. 58, n. 3, p. 7-17, 2014.
MACKELWORTH, Peter Charles et al. Geopolitics and marine conservation: synergies and conflicts. Frontiers in Marine Science, v.6, p. 759, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00759
MAGRIS, Rafael Almeida. et al. Analysis of progress towards a comprehensive system of marine protected areas in Brazil. Nat. Conserv, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-7, 2013.
MAGRIS, Rafael Ameida.; PRESSEY, R. L. Marine protected areas: Just for show?. Science, v. 360, n. 6390, p. 723-724, 2018. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6215
MAGRIS, Rafael Almeida et al. A blueprint for securing Brazil's marine biodiversity and supporting the achievement of global conservation goals. Diversity and Distributions, v. 27, n. 2, p. 198-215, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13183
MARETTI, Cláudio. C. et al. Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context, lessons, challenges, finance, participation, new management models, and first results. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, v. 29, p. 44-70, 2019. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3169
MARINHA DO BRASIL. Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação: Plano de Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira – LEPLAC. Limites Marítimos. Dados. Brasil, 2008. Shapefile. Disponível em: https://www.marinha.mil.br/dhn/?q=node/169. Acesso em: 05 ago. 2023.
MARTÍNEZ, Maria Luiza. et al. The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance. Ecological economics, v. 63, n. 2-3, p. 254-272, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.022
MARQUES, Simone.; STEINER, Andrea. Q.; ALMEIDA Medeiros Marcelo. Assessing the performance of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in Brazil: a test using two regional-scale indices related to coastal and marine ecosystem conservation. Marine Policy, v. 67, p. 130-138, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.030
MEEHAN, M. C. et al. How far have we come? A review of MPA network performance indicators in reaching qualitative elements of Aichi Target 11. Conservation Letters, v. 13, n. 6, p. e12746, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12746
O'DEA, Rose. E. et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in ecology and evolutionary biology: a PRISMA extension. Biological Reviews, v. 96, n. 5, p. 1695-1722, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12721
O'LEARY, Bethan. C. et al. Effective coverage targets for ocean protection. Conservation Letters, v. 9, n. 6, p. 398-404, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12247
OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR, José Gilmar C. et al. Measuring what matters–Identifying indicators of success for Brazilian marine protected areas. Marine Policy, v. 74, p. 91-98, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.018
PACHECO, André. A.; NEVES, Ana Carolina. O.; FERNANDES, G. Wilson. Uneven conservation efforts compromise Brazil to meet the Target 11 of Convention on Biological Diversity. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, v. 16, n. 1, p. 43-48, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.12.001
PELLETIER, Dominique et al. Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: a multidisciplinary tandpoint. Aquatic Living Resources, v. 18, n. 1, p. 15-33, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2005011
PIELOU, Evelyn. C. Species diversity and pattern diversity in the study of ecological succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology , v. 10, n. 2, p. 370-383, 1966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90133-0
PITTOCK, Jamie. et al. Managing freshwater, river, wetland and estuarine protected areas. Protected area governance and management. ANU E Press, 2015 p. 569-608. Disponível em: https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/files/45991945/10009429_peer_review.pdf
POMEROY, Robert S.; PARKS, John E.; WATSON, Lani M. How is your MPA doing?: a guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. IUCN, 2004.
QUANTUM GIS Development Team. Versão 3.16.9. QGIS Geographic Information System. [S. l.]: Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project, 2022. Disponível em: https://download.qgis.org/downloads/.
REES, Siân E. et al. Defining the qualitative elements of Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 with regard to the marine and coastal environment in order to strengthen global efforts for marine biodiversity conservation outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14. Marine Policy, v. 93, p. 241-250, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.016
SANTOS, Cleverson. Z.; SCHIAVETTI, Alexandre. Spatial analysis of Protected Areas of the coastal/marine environment of Brazil. Journal for nature conservation, v. 22, n. 5, p. 453-461, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2014.05.001Get rights and content
SCHRECKENBERG, K. et al. Unpacking equity for protected area conservation. Parks, v. 22, n. 2, p. 11-26, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.PARKS-22-2KS.en.
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Published
27/10/2024
How to Cite
VAZ DA SILVA, Ingrid H'Oara Carvalho; MORO, Marcelo Freire.
BRAZIL'S PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING COASTAL AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS WITH A FOCUS ON AICHI TARGET 11.
Mercator, Fortaleza, v. 23, oct. 2024.
ISSN 1984-2201.
Available at: <http://www.mercator.ufc.br/mercator/article/view/e23030>. Date accessed: 26 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.4215/rm2024.e23030.
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